[1] Y. Li, W. K. Chow, Optimum insulation-thickness for thermal and freezing protection, Applied energy 80 (1) (2005) 23–33.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2004.02.009

Google Scholar

[2] F. Li, P. Jie, Z. Fang, Z. Wen, Determining the optimum economic insulation thickness of double pipes buried in the soil for district heating systems, Frontiers in Energy 15 (1) (2021) 170–185.

DOI: 10.1007/s11708-020-0680-5

Google Scholar

[3] A. Yıldız, M. Ali Ersöz, Determination of the economical optimum insulation thickness for vrf (variable refrigerant flow) systems, Energy 89 (2015) 835–844. doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2015.06.020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.020

Google Scholar

[4] M. Ertürk, Optimum insulation thicknesses of pipes with respect to different insulation materials, fuels and climate zones in turkey, Energy 113 (2016) 991–1003. doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2016.07.115.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.115

Google Scholar

[5] M. A. Ersöz, A. Yildiz, Determination of economic optimum insulation thickness of indoor pipelines for different insulation materials in split air conditioning systems, Journal of Thermal Science and Technology 11 (1) (2016) JTST0016–JTST0016. doi:10.1299/jtst. 2016jtst0016.

DOI: 10.1299/jtst.2016jtst0016

Google Scholar

[6] T. Zhang, A. Li, Q. Hari, X. Li, Y. Rao, H. Tan, S. Du, Q. Zhao, Economic thickness and life cycle cost analysis of insulating layer for the urban district steam heating pipe, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 34 (2022) 102058.

DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2022.102058

Google Scholar

[7] S. Suresh, M. Sundar, B. R. Lokavarapu, Optimum insulation thickness in process pipelines, Elsevier, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.200

Google Scholar

[8] İ. Öztürk, H. Karabay, E. Bilgen, Thermo-economic optimization of hot water piping systems: A comparison study, Energy 31 (12) (2006) 2094–2107.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2005.10.008

Google Scholar

[9] M. Kayfeci, Determination of energy saving and optimum insulation thicknesses of the heating piping systems for different insulation materials, Energy and buildings 69 (2014) 278–284.

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.017

Google Scholar

[10] A. Keçebaş, M. A. Alkan, M. Bayhan, Thermo-economic analysis of pipe insulation for district heating piping systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (17-18) (2011) 3929–3937. doi:10. 1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.042.

DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.042

Google Scholar

[11] A. Daşdemir, M. Ertürk, A. Keçebaş, C. Demircan, Effects of air gap on insulation thickness and life cycle costs for different pipe diameters in pipeline, Energy 122 (2017) 492–504.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.125

Google Scholar

[12] M. Usman, Y. K. Kim, Pipe insulation evaluation for low-temperature district heating implementation in south korea, Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (2022) 793557. doi:10.3389/fenrg. 2021.793557.

DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.793557

Google Scholar

[13] A. Keçebaş, Determination of insulation thickness by means of exergy analysis in pipe insulation, Energy conversion and management 58 (2012) 76–83. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2012.01. 009.

DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.01.009

Google Scholar

[14] R. Wang, P. Jie, D. Wang, F. Li, C. Liu, Optimization of insulation thickness of double buried district heating pipes using the eco-indicator method, Journal of Building Engineering 41 (2021) 102393.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102393

Google Scholar

[15] M. Abujab, A. Abusafa, Optimal insulation's thickness of pipes in variable refrigerant flow (vrf) system—an-najah child institute as a case study, Energy Reports 8 (2022) 321–330. doi:10. 1016/j.egyr.2022.06.104.

DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.104

Google Scholar

[16] M. Terhan, Optimization insulation thickness and reduction of co2 emissions for pipes in all generation district heating networks, Science Progress 105 (3) (2022) 00368504221122287.

DOI: 10.1177/00368504221122287

Google Scholar

[17] E. A. Salem, M. F. Khalil, A. S. Sanhoury, Optimization of insulation thickness and emissions rate reduction during pipeline carrying hot oil, Alexandria Engineering Journal 60 (3) (2021) 3429–3443.

DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.01.042

Google Scholar

[18] L. Zhang, Q. Zhang, X. Yang, K. Hooman, Thermo-economic assessment on insulation conditions of the buried heating pipeline for district heating, Heat Transfer Engineering 44 (13) (2023) 1140–1156.

DOI: 10.1080/01457632.2022.2119923

Google Scholar

[19] A. Bahadori, H. Vuthaluru, Prediction of optimum thermal insulation thickness for oil and gas process piping and equipments using simple method, in: International Petroleum Technology Conference, IPTC, 2009, pp. IPTC–13121.

DOI: 10.2523/IPTC-13121-MS

Google Scholar

[20] M. Kayfeci, İ. Yabanova, A. Keçebaş, The use of artificial neural network to evaluate insulation thickness and life cycle costs: Pipe insulation application, Applied Thermal Engineering 63 (1) (2014) 370–378.

DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.11.017

Google Scholar

[21] M. De Rosa, V. Bianco, Optimal insulation layer for heated water pipes under technical, economic and carbon emission constraints, Energy 270 (2023) 126961. doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2023.126961.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.126961

Google Scholar

[22] L. Li, C. Zhai, Y. Shang, C. Lou, X. Li, D. Li, Life cycle cost approach involving steam transport model for insulation thickness optimization of steam pipes, Energy 312 (2024) 133658.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133658

Google Scholar

[23] M. Xu, M. Gao, R. Yang, K. Wang, Z. Yuan, Economic optimization of thermal insulation thickness for insulated and electrically traced pipelines in drilling applications., Processes 12 (7) (2024).

DOI: 10.3390/pr12071506

Google Scholar

[24] M. R. Alrasheed, Optimizing the thickness of multilayer thermal insulation on different pipelines for minimizing overall cost-associated heat loss, Processes 12 (2) (2024) 318. doi:10.3390/ pr12020318.

DOI: 10.3390/pr12020318

Google Scholar

[25] R. Lund, S. Mohammadi, Choice of insulation standard for pipe networks in 4th generation district heating systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 98 (2016) 256–264. doi:10.1016/j. applthermaleng.2015.12.015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.015

Google Scholar

[26] T. J. Teleszewski, D. A. Krawczyk, A. Rodero, Reduction of heat losses using quadruple heating pre-insulated networks: A case study, Energies 12 (24) (2019) 4699. doi:10.3390/ en12244699.

DOI: 10.3390/en12244699

Google Scholar

[27] M. Nowak-Ocłoń, P. Ocłoń, Thermal and economic analysis of preinsulated and twin-pipe heat network operation, Energy 193 (2020) 116619.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116619

Google Scholar

[28] R. I. Bourisli, Optimum insulation for corrugated pipes, in: COMSOL Conference 2018, Lausanne, 2018.

Google Scholar

[29] G. F. Jones, N. Lior, Optimal insulation of solar heating system pipes and tanks, Energy 4 (4) (1979) 593–621.

DOI: 10.1016/0360-5442(79)90086-0

Google Scholar

[30] X. Gao, L. Zheng, Y. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhang, W. Fan, Simulation of coupled hydraulic– thermal characteristics for energy-saving control of steam heating pipeline, Sustainability 16 (12) (2024) 5043.

DOI: 10.3390/su16125043

Google Scholar

[31] S. W. Churchill, H. H. Chu, Correlating equations for laminar and turbulent free convection from a horizontal cylinder, International journal of heat and mass transfer 18 (9) (1975) 1049–1053.

DOI: 10.1016/0017-9310(75)90222-7

Google Scholar

[32] S. W. Churchill, M. Bernstein, A correlating equation for forced convection from gases and liquids to a circular cylinder in crossflow (1977).

DOI: 10.1115/1.3450685

Google Scholar

[33] V. T. Le, N. S. Goo, J. Y. Kim, Experimental investigation on thermal contact resistance of alumina fibrous insulation material with ti-6al-4v alloy at high temperature and its effective thermal conductivity, Heat and Mass Transfer (2019).

DOI: 10.1007/s00231-018-02551-4

Google Scholar