Abstract Upcycling of polyethylene (PE) can transform waste material into chemically valuable building blocks such as linear alkylbenzenes, with potential use in anionic surfactants. Alkylbenzenes can be formed by tandem hydrogenolysis-aromatization of PE, catalyzed by Pt nanoparticles supported on an acidic oxide. In the complex mixture of hydrocarbon products, the difficulty in identifying precise structures makes it hard to predict how the choice of catalyst and variations in PE feedstock will influence molecular architectures. Here, we report a detailed characterization of the alkylbenzenes, with insight into the catalytic mechanism that controls their formation. Acid-catalyzed skeletal isomerization is the key factor that determines branching, initiates cyclization, and dictates aromatic substitution patterns. Highly acidic Pt/F-Al2O3 catalyst yields predominantly 3,4-dialkyl-substituted toluenes, in which the lightly branched alkyl substituents have a very small number of...