The new Unified Payments Interface (UPI) framework will not charge customers or apply a Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) for every UPI transaction. Starting October 15, 2026, the new MDR charge will apply only to specified merchant transactions that exceed a set limit, with different rates for sectors like essential services and capital market transactions.

Person-to-person payments will continue to remain free, irrespective of the amount transferred, while merchant transactions up to Rs 2,000 will also remain outside the MDR framework, according to a statement from the Ministry of Finance.

The Ministry of Finance, in a social media post on X, said: “Consequently, approximately 96% of all P2M transactions will remain unaffected. MDR will apply only to specified merchant transactions above Rs 2,000.”

Kunal Jhunjhunwala, Founder, airpay* explains, "The framework is a step toward building a sustainable revenue model for UPI, but the key question is whether the revenue is shared fairly across the ecosystem. Fintechs have played a critical role in taking digital payments deeper into the merchant base and investing in the technology and infrastructure behind this growth, and that contribution should be recognised. For merchants, the immediate impact is the 0.40% MDR on P2M transactions above ₹2,000. While larger businesses may absorb the cost, it could matter for smaller merchants operating on tight margins. With fintechs having roughly a month to explain the change, support merchants and make backend adjustments, the transition will be critical."

But then which transactions will attract charges? Check 10 such transactions that will attract MDR charges as a Ministry of Finance release.

Merchant payments above Rs 2,000

Railway payments above Rs 2,000

Telecom payments above Rs 2,000

Insurance payments above Rs 2,000

Fuel payments above Rs 2,000

Agricultural input payments above Rs 2,000

Mutual fund payments

Securities-related payments

Stockbroker payments

Dealer-related capital market payments

A nominal MDR of 0.4% will apply only to P2M (person to merchant) transactions above Rs 2,000. The MDR will be shared among payment ecosystem participants, including banks, payment service providers and UPI application providers.

For transactions of Rs 75,000 and above, the MDR will be capped at Rs 300 per transaction.

Transactions above Rs 2,000 in certain essential and thin-margin sectors will attract a flat MDR of Rs 5 per transaction.

The sectors covered include railways, telecommunications, insurance, fuel, agricultural inputs

Note for these transactions, the applicable MDR will be Rs 5 rather than the standard 0.4% rate.

A separate, lower MDR rate will apply on transactions linked to the capital markets.

Payments relating to mutual funds, securities, stockbrokers and dealers will attract an MDR of 0.02%, subject to a cap of Rs 300 per transaction.

According to the SBI FAQs on MDR, “This specific MDR tier explicitly covers all regulated entities operating within capital markets, including Asset Management Companies (Mutual Funds), SEBI-registered stockbrokers, securities dealers, and investment platforms. It applies to fund transfers executed via UPI for equity buying, debt market investments, mutual fund purchases, and broker wallet top-ups. By defining this category separately, it is ensured that capital market transfers are distinct from routine retail shopping or general service payments.”

The Finance Ministry says that MDR is a charge within the merchant payment ecosystem and it is not a charge on customers making UPI payments.

"Banks have been advised to ensure that merchants do not pass MDR charges on to customers. UPI application providers are expressly prohibited from imposing platform fees or hidden charges," says the Finance Ministry.

Individuals will continue to have unlimited free usage, with no monthly quotas, volume restrictions or tiered caps on free UPI transactions, says the Ministry.

The Finance Ministry reveals that daily transaction limits prescribed by banks and the NPCI, generally ranging from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh depending on the transaction category, are security and risk-management safeguards. They are not charging thresholds.

According to frequently asked questions (FAQs) issued by the the National Payments Corporation of India,

NPCI FAQs on MDR, “MDR calculations follow a clear, predictable formula based on transaction value thresholds. For a Rs 3,000 purchase, applying the 0.4% rate results in an MDR fee of Rs 12 paid by the merchant to its acquiring bank. For a Rs 50,000 purchase, a 0.4% fee equals Rs 200. However, for a high-value purchase of Rs 1,00,000, the 0.4% calculation is superseded by the fixed maximum cap of Rs 300 (Rs 300 is the fixed maximum cap per transaction for payments of Rs 75,000 and above. Any transaction under Rs 2,000 incurs no MDR.”

Reeju Datta, co-founder, Cashfree, explains, “With zero MDR, the adoption of UPI increased significantly across smaller merchants, changing the way India pays. However, running UPI involved significant costs. A calibrated MDR finally gives the ecosystem a way to fund that directly, and to invest in areas like fraud prevention, acceptance infrastructure in smaller towns etc. It will also provide incentive for newer players to enter the market and innovate for different use cases which in turn would increase adoption for UPI further.”