World Alzheimer's Day is observed on September 21 to raise awareness and challenge the stigma surrounding this neurodegenerative disease. Since it is progressive and has no cure, the focus remains on early symptom detection and identifying potentially modifiable risk factors. Emerging research is now exploring the possible link between weak bones and Alzheimer's risk.

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And as researchers continue to identify potential risk factors, weak bones are being studied as one of them. We asked specialists in orthopaedics and neurology to explain the possible connection between bone health and Alzheimer's risk.

How, then, might the two be connected? The neurologist highlighted chronic inflammation as one possible link. He said, "Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases can both involve inflammatory processes. Age-related changes in hormones, blood vessels, and metabolism may also affect both bone remodeling and brain health.”

He also mentioned osteocalcin, a hormone produced by bone cells that has been linked to memory, learning, and brain function in experimental research.

Next, Dr Shah addressed the mobility issues caused by falls and fractures in older adults. These injuries may lead to prolonged immobility, hospitalization, and loss of independence, factors that may contribute to cognitive decline.

He said, “We usually think of osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease as two very different problems of ageing. One weakens the bones, while the other affects memory and thinking. But scientists are now looking more closely at a possible connection between the two, often referred to as the ‘bone–brain axis.'”

However, like the neurologist, the orthopaedic specialist ruled out a direct correlation, sharing that the two conditions may instead share common risk factors and biological processes.

Dr Bagaria too emphasised inflammation as being one of the reasons, along with other lifestyle troubles: “As we grow older, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can affect both bone-forming cells and brain cells. Hormonal changes, particularly the decline in estrogen after menopause, can contribute to bone loss and may also have implications for brain health. Vitamin D deficiency, lack of physical activity, smoking, poor nutrition, and metabolic problems can affect both.”

Both specialists recommended keeping bones healthy through regular weight-bearing exercise, adequate intake of protein, calcium, and vitamin D, maintaining muscle strength, avoiding smoking, and staying physically active. They also urged people over 50, particularly postmenopausal women and those at risk of osteoporosis, to make bone health an important part of healthy ageing.

In the end, Dr Bagaria reminded, “The science has not established that treating osteoporosis can prevent Alzheimer’s. But it is increasingly clear that our bones and brain may not be as independent as we once believed.”

Note to readers: This article is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your doctor with any questions about a medical condition.

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