The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has released the first phase of its New York Penn Station Service Optimization Study, concluding that a series of targeted infrastructure and operational improvements could increase train capacity by roughly 33% while improving passenger circulation throughout the nation's busiest rail hub.

Penn Station currently serves more than 350,000 passengers daily and handles more than 1,000 train movements, operating at or near capacity during peak periods. The report concludes that relatively modest improvements within the station's existing footprint — rather than a major expansion — could unlock significant additional capacity.

According to the preliminary findings, extending Platforms 1, 2 and 3, adding up to 23 new stairs and escalators, removing platform obstructions, improving signage and reducing train dwell times could increase capacity to as many as 32 trains per hour per direction during the morning peak and 30 trains per hour per direction during the evening peak, up from the current 24 trains per hour.

The study also recommends introducing limited through-running commuter rail service, allowing some trains to continue through Penn Station rather than terminate there. Under the proposed operating concept, up to four commuter trains per hour in each direction would operate through the station in addition to Amtrak's through services, reducing dwell times and improving operational efficiency.

FRA estimates the improvements would reduce average platform clearance and boarding times by about 2.4 minutes, or 28%, helping passengers move more quickly between trains and concourses while increasing overall station throughput.

Federal officials said the findings will help guide the next phase of design work for the broader Penn Station transformation project.

"Whether you are a daily commuter or a tourist, Penn Station can and should work better for you," U.S. Transportation Secretary Sean P. Duffy said in a statement. "This early report underscores how the work we are doing to transform the station into a world-class transit hub isn't just a facelift — it can fundamentally improve the travel experience."

The report also noted that as Gateway Program projects, including the new Hudson River Tunnel, add rail capacity into Manhattan, Penn Station itself will become the primary bottleneck unless station operations and passenger circulation are improved.

FRA Administrator David Fink said the study demonstrates how operational and infrastructure improvements can increase capacity while supporting the long-term redevelopment of the station.

Amtrak Special Advisor Andy Byford said the findings advance several key goals of the Penn Station transformation effort, including expanding concourse capacity, improving accessibility, enhancing operational efficiency and accommodating future passenger growth.

A second phase of the study will evaluate broader regional strategies involving Amtrak, NJ Transit, Long Island Rail Road, and Metro-North, including infrastructure, fleet, governance, and operational changes needed to support additional service throughout the Northeast Corridor and the New York metropolitan region.