Coexistence Analysis of 5G C-Band Indoor Deployments and Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) in Malaysia [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

Дата публикации: 19-08-2026 08:58:52

Several satellite services, including the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS), rely on the C-Band (3. 4 – 4. 2 GHz), which provides wide coverage and high availability despite weather effects. As a mid-band spectrum ideal for 5G, its allocation to cellular networks raises interference concerns, potentially disrupting satellite services and causing a significant economic impact. This study presents an empirical, measurement-based 5G propagation assessment and an interference investigation with 5G cellular networks operating below the 6 GHz band in the optimization of exclusion zones for 5G and FSS scenarios, with the aim of fine-tuning the exclusion zone and identifying better coexistence conditions between the two systems. We provide an extensive 5G-cellular downlink analysis that discusses, as part of the coexistence context, the potential for Low-Noise Block (LNB) saturation at the FSS Earth station receiver. Moreover, we deployed a real indoor 5G cellular network for measurement, in which high-gain receiving antennas were positioned at various indoor and outdoor locations to capture the downlink signal radiated by the 5G base-station transmitter within the proposed site. Additionally, a spectrum analyzer was used to examine the power signal received in contrast to the data signal acquired for the proposed projects. Across the indoor measurement points, the received power decreased with distance, reaching approximately −74.02 dBm at 40 m, and no measurable elevation of the FSS signal was observed at the MEASAT earth station located 3 km away. The results of this research indicate that spectrum regulators and other relevant parties will be affected by the potential implementation of 5G cellular networks in C-band operational FSS Earth station receivers. The research additionally proposes and evaluates methods that could facilitate the harmonious coexistence of both systems, like disabling significant emitters or diminishing their transmission capacity.

Основное содержимое страницы с новостью.

Al-Jumaily A, Khalaf Q, Abbas M et al. Coexistence Analysis of 5G C-Band Indoor Deployments and Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) in Malaysia [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2026, 15:916 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175496.2)

Research Article

Revised

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

Abdulmajeed Al-Jumaily

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-6075

¹, Qasim Khalaf

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1977-1065

², Mohammed Abbas

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3050-292X

³, [...] Yaseein Hussein

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-5524

⁴, Víctor Jiménez¹, Aduwati Sali⁵, Saba Aljumaili⁶, Dhiya Al-Jumeily⁷

Abdulmajeed Al-Jumaily

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-6075

¹, Qasim Khalaf

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1977-1065

², [...] Mohammed Abbas

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3050-292X

³, Yaseein Hussein

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-5524

⁴, Víctor Jiménez¹, Aduwati Sali⁵, Saba Aljumaili⁶, Dhiya Al-Jumeily⁷

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Signal Theory and Communications (DTSC), Department of Signal Theory and Communications (DTSC), Charles III University of Madrid, UC3M, Leganes, Madrid, Leganes, Spain
² Construction and Projects Department, Construction and Projects Department, University of Fallujah, Al-Fallujah 31002, Iraq, Fallujah, Anbar, 31002, Iraq
³ Department of Artificial Intelligence Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Al Maarif, Al Anbar,31001, Iraq, Ramadi, Anbar, 31001, Iraq
⁴ Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ahmed Bin Mohammed Military College, Doha, Qatar, Doha, Qatar, Iraq
⁵ WiPNET Research Centre, Dept of Computer & Communication System Engineering, WiPNET Research Centre, Dept of Computer & Communication System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia., Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
⁶ Genetics and Molecular Biology eSystems Engineering Society, Genetics and Molecular Biology eSystems Engineering Society Malaga, Spain, Malaga, Spain
⁷ Department School of Computer Science & Mathematics, Department School of Computer Science & Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, UK., Liverpool, UK

Abdulmajeed Al-Jumaily
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Validation

Qasim Khalaf
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Mohammed Abbas
Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing

Yaseein Hussein
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Víctor Jiménez
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Aduwati Sali
Roles: Software, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Saba Aljumaili
Roles: Resources, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Dhiya Al-Jumeily
Roles: Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Keywords

5G NR (New Radio) frequencies, Fixed Satellite Service (FSS), C-Band, Indoors measurements

Corresponding author: Abdulmajeed Al-Jumaily Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2026 Al-Jumaily A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Al-Jumaily A, Khalaf Q, Abbas M et al. Coexistence Analysis of 5G C-Band Indoor Deployments and Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) in Malaysia [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2026, 15:916 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175496.2) First published: 11 Jun 2026, 15:916 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175496.1) Latest published: 19 Aug 2026, 15:916 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175496.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

This revised version responds to the comments of both reviewers. The most substantive change is one of framing rather than of data: the abstract and introduction no longer describe a "5G propagation model" but instead an empirical, measurement-based propagation assessment so that the manuscript accurately reflects what was performed—an indoor measurement campaign characterizing received power against distance under LOS and NLOS conditions.

The scope of the central finding has been tightened. The no-interference conclusion is now explicitly bounded to the single indoor RekaScape C-band scenario and the specific conditions tested, and a new "Study limitations" paragraph has been added to Section 4 identifying the constraints on generalization: one building, one base-station configuration, bounded Tx–Rx distances, and limited propagation diversity. A clarifying statement now also indicates that the ~100 m separation and 50–100 MHz guard band are practical planning considerations inferred from the measured behavior, not derived regulatory limits.

Several clarifications improve replicability and readability. Ambiguous phrasing in the abstract and results has been rewritten, duplicated RBW/VBW/SWT text has been removed, and the LNB-saturation mention has been reworded to match the body. The abstract now reports a quantitative outcome. An unrelated reference 16, has been replaced with an appropriate spectrum-analysis source, the MEASAT frequency notation has been corrected, and the reference list has been extended.

The experimental setup, measured values, and openly available Figshare dataset are unchanged. Formal link budget, exclusion zone derivation, and building loss modeling are signposted as future work.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Dr. Abdulaleem Al-Othmani
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Assistant Prof. Ali Al-Juboori

1. Introduction

5G refers to a fifth-generation mobile network. Furthermore, the following standards were adopted and published approximately every nine years since the establishment of the first mobile network in 1982: GSM, the second generation of cellular networks, was first released in 1992, and rival 3G specifications were introduced in 2001.^1,2 Service providers used the 4G LTE cellular standards in 2010. To create new mobile devices, technology companies and mobile operators worldwide are now using 5G technology. These 5G implementations are followed by LTE transformation technologies such as LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro, which allow network operators to deliver faster speeds on mobile devices.³ Ericsson published its 2017 “5G Readiness Survey.” The operators sped up preparations for the new technology, and 78 percent of the respondents were conducting trials. In addition, 28 percent expect the fifth generation to be deployed in 2018. App interactions are evolving rapidly. Cisco VNI Mobile data show that mobile data traffic is expected to reach 11 exabytes per month in 2017, double that in 2015, reaching 49 exabytes by 2021. As of July 25, 2019, 5G was introduced into commercial use on 27 worldwide networks wished to deploy more than 150,000 base stations of 5G.⁴ The mobile telecommunications sector is seeing significant changes on a daily basis.⁵ Innovative generations and benchmarks have been instituted to deliver registered users with enhanced voice, data, and multimedia services at accelerated speeds. The introduction of new wireless technologies and the rising demand of consumers have enabled the mobile industry to transition from the second to the fourth generation. A decision was taken at the 2015 World Radio Communication Conference to designate 3.3 GHz – 4.2 GHz (3.5 GHz C band) to future mobile broadband, 5G beamforming, and 5G multi-antenna structure. This motivates service providers to utilize this frequency band for forthcoming 5G systems to facilitate seamless implementation.¹ For this paper was focus on indoor frequency 3.5GHz band, especially from 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz, as shown in Figure 1. This mid-band spectrum (<6 GHz) is taking shape as the core band for 5G worldwide because of the technical feature that affords an optimal balance of large capacity (amount of supported traffic) and coverage (distance of travelled signal).^6,7

Figure 1. Proposed frequency arrangements for C-Band in Malaysia.

There is a possibility for adverse frequency interference with the planned allocation of 5G networks and FSS systems owing to the technological complexity of the FSS service within the 3.5 GHz range.⁸ This is reflected by permitting unnecessary signals from 5G base stations and mobile terminals to interfere with FSS earth stations receiving signals in the 3.5 GHz band.^9–11 Technical studies were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the deployment of 5G within the range of the FSS system. This scientific study aims to determine the appropriate guard band, emission power limits, and distance separation. It is necessary to reduce interference and allow the coexistence of the two systems. Such approaches are recommended for testing by theoretical research and field trials based on global best and current practices, as these strategies can be used as a solution to interference management for both local and cross-border scenarios. In particular, Kristiadi et al. (2024) examined the protection-zone requirement for 5G–FSS coexistence in the C-band for the case of Indonesia; the present study complements that work by contributing direct indoor field measurements for a Malaysian deployment scenario rather than a computed protection-zone framework.⁹

2. Experimental setup

The measurement component content of essential high-quality devices provides the best results without any errors. A new beamforming antenna for the 3.5 GHz band (3.3 to 3.8 GHz) was released by radio frequency systems (RFS). The ability to support 3.5 GHz applications is critical as operators worldwide are trying to meet the growing demand for LTE, deploy new small cells, and plan for 5G rollout. The 3.5 GHz band is the preferred sub-6 GHz spectrum for 5G networks worldwide rollout. The base station designed by ZTE is shown in Figure 2. It has the following description of the range of power transamination between (35–10) dBm (3–0.25) watts and the propagation of the signal is approximately 75 m. The purpose is to ensure that the base station operates indoors. Fifth-generation (5G) technology relies primarily on high-capacity transmission that utilizes short-range high-frequency radio waves.¹² This makes the 3.5 GHz band ideal for delivering high data rates with stable indoor coverage. In addition, the beamforming capability enhances the signal strength and minimizes interference, thereby ensuring a more reliable communication performance.

Figure 2. Experimental setup scheme.

2.1 Location of measurement for received signal

This section describes indoor measurement scenarios. As shown in Figure 3, the location of the indoor scenario was in the RekaScape building and parking. There are also two paths: result line-of-sight propagation (LOS) and non-line-of-sight propagation (NLOS). On the other hand, the interference effect with various distances in parking and crossing the road with a distance (130) meters nearest the building of Cyberview and the other distance was nearest to the MEASAT station with a distance of 3 km. The FSS signals used in this study are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 3. Map 1 for RekaScape building.

Figure 4. The distance of received signal (130 m), from RekaScape to Cyberview.

Figure 5. The distance of received signal (3 km), from RekaScape to MEASAT.

2.2 Receiver antenna parameters

The description is shown in Table 1, where the linear polarized Periodic Broadband Antenna Logarithmic (aluminum tubing) for receiving and transmitting applications.^13,14

Table 1. The specification of receiver antenna.Specifications Typical The nominal spectrum of frequency800 MHz-5 GHz The frequency spectrum can use650 MHz-8 GHz Gain isotropic4–7 dBi The factor of the antenna23–38 dB/m Typical SWR standing wave ratio<1.5 Front to Back Ratio20 dB Cross-polarization >20 dB (800 MHz-2 GHz)Input max power300 W @ 1 GHz \ 150 W @ 5 GHz

Moreover, the signal intensity variation was close to the location. In addition, the indoor radio transmission system varies significantly from the conventional cellular radio channel in terms of defended lengths. Relevant features, such as the building structure and positions of the antennas, affect propagation inside buildings. The location of the 5G base station inside the ZTE organization hall is 2 m higher from the ground, polarization vertical, and a transmit power of 35 dBm, as shown in Figure 7, and the yellow area covers the position of the points receiving the signal from the 5G station with a range distance between 1 m to 40 m.

Otherwise, as shown in Figure 6, the gap between the 5G base station and receiver antenna sites is approximately 5 m, with a special symbol (■). The display block settings were as follows: RBW =1 MHz, VBW = 1 MHz, and SWT = 100 ms. The received-power traces presented in Figures 7– 12 correspond to max-hold detector readings captured directly from the spectrum analyser, rather than instantaneous single-sweep samples or externally averaged values. The resolution bandwidth (RBW) specified as the frequency range of the final filter that extends to the input signal. Relatively small RBWs provide more natural frequency resolution and the ability to separate signals with closer frequencies.¹⁵ Another aspect influencing a spectrum analyzer is that trace efficiency is the video bandwidth (VBW). This noise makes it difficult to detect tiny signals when VBW is high. As we lower the VBW, the small signal is even more evident. The sweep time (SWT) is the amount of time it takes from the start to the stop frequency from sweeping the detector. This noise makes it difficult to detect tiny signals when VBW is high. As we lower the VBW, the small signal is even more evident. The sweep time (SWT) is the amount of time it takes from the start to the stop frequency from sweeping the detector. The (SWT) value can be determined from the following equation: SWT=KT+SPANRWB2 ; the time required affects the RBW and VBW ratio. The VBW is typically set to a value greater than or equal to the RBW when we do not rely on noise, whereas the principal effect of the VBW and RBW detectors is to smooth the tracing and noise.¹⁶ Moreover, innovations in RF receiver front-end design, encompassing rectifier technologies and energy harvesting architectures for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems, have illustrated that shared-spectrum environments necessitate meticulous attention to receiver sensitivity, multi-band operation, and power conversion efficiency to guarantee dependable coexistence among diverse wireless services.¹⁷

Figure 6. Map 2 5G points locations in RekaScape building Cyberview.

3. Experimental results

In comparison, the frequency ranges start at 3 GHz and end at 4 GHz with a duration width of 1GHz at the middle scale of 3.5 GHz.

3.1 Measurement result

The first results, as shown in Figure 7, indicate that the particular range in the received power has the highest signal, with frequency of 3.49 GHz, −54.34 dBm, at the same location as the 5G transmission station, where the gap between the two sites is approximately 1 to 5 meters.

Figure 7. Experiment result with distance 1 to 5 m.

Figure 8, the signal is smooth and relatively flat from 3 GHz to 4 GHz with −50 dBm power level. The first peak received at the frequency 3.4 GHz with power − 30 dBm, and at the 3.48 the system received the highest peak in the −13.41 dBm from the received power signal with distance 10 m from the antenna of 5G station.

Figure 8. Experiment result with distance 10 m.

Figure 9, demonstrates that the first three pulses received starts from 3.4 GHz to 3.5 GHz. The highest peak of the received power signal from the 5G station antenna at −28.41 dBm, with a distance of 20 m.

Figure 9. Experiment result with distance 20 m.

Figure 10, at a frequency of 3.42 GHz, indicates the maximum hold that will be obtained from the 5G station antenna at −54.61 dBm at the 30 m distance.

Figure 10. Experiment result with distance 30 m.

Figure 11, at a frequency of 3.41 GHz, shows the highest control received from the 5G station antenna at −52.34 dBm over a distance of 35 m.

Figure 11. Experiment result with distance 35 m.

Figure 12 indicates that the signal is prevented by the cement wall between Tx and Rx. This point was collected from the 5G antenna at the highest distance. The first peak appeared within the initial range of 3,456 GHz at a power level of −74.02 dBm.

Figure 12. Experiment result with distance 40 m.

3.2 The distance model between Tx and Rx antenna

This section explains the comparison between the received power signals and propagation length (m). Figure 13 shows the maximum receiving power transmitted by the higher 5G antenna transmission approximately at 0.43 m with approximately 35 dBm.

Figure 13. Distance of 1 m (Tx to Rx) Antenna.

Figure 14 indicates the highest signal at 10 m with −13 dBm, while at the 20 m the power received was less than approximately −30 dBm.

Figure 14. Distance of 10 m (Tx to Rx) Antenna.

Figure 15 shows the received signals at different distances and antenna transmissions, where the transmission power approximately is −32 dBm to −54 dBm, at 20 m.

Figure 15. Distance of 20 m (Tx to Rx) Antenna.

Figure 16 shows that the receiving signal is low at approximately − −55 dBm to −74 dBm at 30 m.

Figure 16. Distance of 30 m (Tx to Rx) Antenna.

Figure 17 shows that the received power signal transmission by the service antenna signal is exceeded. Moreover, at 35 m the power received was approximately −63 dBm to −72.19 dBm.

Figure 17. Distance of 35 m (Tx to Rx) Antenna.

The optimal exclusion zone between the 5G indoor model and FSS Inter-cell interference proved to be the most significant restricting factor at high altitudes; therefore, many industries and researchers are seeking to use less congested radio components in the total spectrum. The 3.4–3.8 GHz (C-band) is one of the world’s most significant pioneer frequencies for the early launch of 5G networks. However, this band is already being used for fixed satellite services (FSS) in Malaysia and is not significantly affected by rain. The coexistence of mobile broadband networks should be investigated to better define the business conditions in specific environments. This section examines and demonstrates the numerical and measurement results for 5G indoor locations. It is notable from the last received data that there is no interference between the 5G signals and FSS spectrum. This study considers the following parameters, as explained in Table 2.

Table 2. Typical parameters values.Parameters Values Power transmission for 5G station10 dBm, 35 dBm Location of the 5G stationInside the RekaScape building and parking Frequency bandwidths3.4–3.6 GHz The max distance the signal receives35 m RekaScape closing site using FSS (MEASAT)3 Kilometers MEASAT frequency bandwidths≥ 3,700 MHz (3.7 GHz)

It is notable from Table 2 that the best optimization exclusion zone for the indoor scenario, the distance between the 5G indoor station and FSS station should be approximately 100 m and the forbidden band from 50 to 100 MHz should be between the usage frequency. These separation and guard-band figures are practical planning considerations inferred from the measured indoor signal behaviour in this specific scenario; they are not proposed as universal regulatory limits, and their formal derivation against FSS protection criteria (for example, ITU-R I/N thresholds) is identified as an item for future work.

4. Conclusions

This study achieved all the stated objectives. The results obtained from the study and observations are described and analyzed in this study. Initially, the performance evaluation of 5G transmission with a power equal to 35 dBm resulted in higher data receiving widespread power recording. The power output of the 5G indoor base station decreased to 10 dBm owing to a reduction in the scatter size. The range of power received started from −3.53 to −57.88 dBm when the power transmission was high. The nearest center using the FSS transmitted and received signals was the MEASAT. The lowest frequency used by MEASAT is 3.7 GHz, and the distance from the indoor antenna in Rekascape is approximately 3 km. Finally, there is no interference between the 5G indoor signal and FSS signals in the scenario measurements. It should be emphasized that these findings apply specifically to the single indoor RekaScape C-band deployment scenario and the particular measurement conditions tested in this study, and they should be interpreted within that context rather than generalised to other building types, outdoor deployments, or aggregated multi-cell configurations.

4.1 Study limitations

The present results are based on a single indoor environment (the RekaScape building and its adjacent parking area) and therefore reflect limited spatial and propagation diversity. Only one building structure, one 5G base-station configuration, and a bounded set of Tx–Rx distances (approximately 1–40 m indoors, with adjacent 130 m and 3 km reference distances) were examined. Consequently, the reported coexistence behaviour should not be generalised to other building types, outdoor macro-deployments, or aggregated multi-cell scenarios without further measurement campaigns. Future work will extend the study to additional environments and incorporate formal path-loss fitting together with a regulatory link-budget analysis.

Data availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are openly available in Figshare at: [DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.31872805].¹⁸

The dataset includes radio-frequency measurement data collected during on-site indoor measurement campaigns, along with the processed data used for analysis and figure generation. Additional metadata describing the measurement setup, environmental conditions (e.g., building structures, terrain characteristics, and weather conditions), and experimental parameters are also provided to support interpretation and reuse.

The dataset is made available under a CC0 Public Domain Dedication/CC-BY 4.0 license, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided appropriate credit is given.

References

1. Al-Jumaily A, et al.: Evaluation of 5G coexistence and interference signals in the C-band satellite earth station. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2022; 71(6): 6189–6200. Publisher Full Text
2. Al-Jumaily A, et al.: Evaluation of 5G and fixed-satellite service earth station (FSS-ES) downlink interference based on artificial neural network learning models (ANN-LMS). Sensors. 2023; 23(13): 6175. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
3. Patzold M: 5G readiness on the horizon [mobile radio]. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 2018; 13(1): 6–13. Publisher Full Text
4. Biswas A, Gupta VR: Multiband antenna design for smartphone covering 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G NR frequencies. Proc. 2019 3rd Int. Conf. Trends Electron. Informatics (ICOEI). 2019; pp. 84–87.
5. Al-Jumaily A, Sali A, Riyadh M, et al.: Machine learning modeling for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) signals from mmWave 5G signals. IEEE Access. 2023; 11: 79 648–79 658. Publisher Full Text
6. Gozalvez J: 5G tests and demonstrations [mobile radio]. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 2015; 10(2): 16–25. Publisher Full Text
7. MCMC 5G Task Force: 5G Task Force Findings and Recommendations to the Government. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission; 2019.
8. Fan YL, Lin XQ, Yang X: An FSS-based shared-aperture antenna for 5G/Wi-Fi communication and indoor 5G blind compensation. Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol. 2023; 15(8): 1373–1381. Publisher Full Text
9. Kristiadi ID, Raharjo ARH, Nasir K: Protection zone requirement of FSS for the coexistence of 5G–FSS in the C-band (case study of Indonesia). Proc. 2024 IEEE 35th Int. Symp. Pers., Indoor Mobile Radio Commun. (PIMRC). 2024; pp. 1–6.
10. Arnaoutoglou DG, Empliouk TM, Kaifas TN, et al.: Perspectives and research challenges in wireless communications hardware for the future internet and its applications services. Future Internet. 2025; 17(6): 249. Publisher Full Text
11. Bukhari J, Mérida W: 5G interference with aviation altimeters: technology and policy recommendations for coexistence. Transport Policy. 2024; 153: 1–11. Publisher Full Text
12. SalarRahimi M, Geurts M, Vandenbosch GA: Realizing the E-Wall concept for indoor 5G. Proc. 2019 12th Global Symp. Millim. Waves (GSMM). 2019; pp. 69–71.
13. Mess-Elektronik S: USLP 9142 Log-Periodic Antenna – Product Specification.2020.
14. Bertrand M, Ettorre M, Valerio G, et al.: A broadband low-profile circularly polarized radial line slot antenna. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2022; 71(1): 140–150. Publisher Full Text
15. Chambwa W: Frequency Reuse in 3GPP-LTE Downlink Cellular System.2017.
16. Keysight Technologies: Spectrum Analysis Basics. Application Note 150, 5952-0292E. Keysight Technologies; 2023.
17. Khalaf QM, Sali A, Ismail A, et al.: Enhancing SWIPT systems: A systematic review of rectifier technologies, efficiency, and integration strategies. IEEE Access. 2025; 13: 201802–201831. Publisher Full Text
18. Hussein Y, Hussein YS: DataSet for the paper Coexistence Analysis of 5G C-Band Indoor. Dataset. figshare. 2026. Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 11 Jun 2026

Comment

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

© 2026 Al-Jumaily A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?

Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE

ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 11 Jun 2026

Reviewer Report 17 Jul 2026

Dr. Abdulaleem Al-Othmani, School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, England, UK

Approved with Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Cyber Security, Mobile Communication, Signal Processing, and Machine Learning

Reviewer Report 29 Jun 2026

Assistant Prof. Ali Al-Juboori, School of Theoretical and Applied Science (TAS), Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA

Approved with Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Data Communication, Computer Networking, Wireless Communication.

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 11 Jun 2026

Comment

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved: The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations: A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved: Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2
Version 2 (revision) 19 Aug 26
Version 1 11 Jun 26	read	read

Assistant Prof. Ali Al-Juboori, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, USA
Dr. Abdulaleem Al-Othmani, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Схожие новости

#	Наименование новости	Информативность	Дата публикации
1	Why RF Coexistence Testing Is Critical for Shared Spectrum	11.32	14-05-2026
2	5G Non-Terrestrial Networks Enable Ubiquitous Global Connectivity	13.14	30-03-2026
3	FCC Announces Upper C-Band Spectrum Auction	13.04	30-06-2026
4	Fraunhofer IIS tests high bandwidths for non terrestrial networks (NTN)	6.14	06-05-2026
5	Design and Characterization of Active Antenna Arrays for 5G FR2 Applications	19.09	12-05-2026
6	Beyond “Best Effort”: Why Carrier Grade 5G Slicing Matters More Than Ever	8.31	28-04-2026
7	5G from Space: Intelligent Beam Management for Non-Terrestrial Networks (Part-2)	7.62	17-03-2026
8	Правительство утвердило распределение диапазона 24,25-24,25 ГГц для сетей 5G	0	07-05-2021
9	5G from Space: Intelligent Beam Management for Non-Terrestrial Networks (Part-1)	8.42	03-03-2026
10	Wi-Fi and Cellular Industries Duke It Out Over 6-GHz Band	15.98	25-06-2026

Классификация: Пресс-релизы. Схожих патентов: 0. Схожих новостей: 10. Тональность: 0. Информативность: 13.37. Источник: f1000research.com.

Вход на сайт

Просмотр новости

Найдите то, что Вас интересует

Coexistence Analysis of 5G C-Band Indoor Deployments and Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) in Malaysia [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

Дата публикации: 19-08-2026 08:58:52

Основное содержимое страницы с новостью.

Схожие новости